Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (1870-1944), popularly known as Dadasaheb Phalke, is widely regarded as the "Father of Indian Cinema." A pioneer filmmaker, director, producer, and screenwriter, Phalke made the first full-length Indian feature film, Raja Harishchandra (1913), and laid the foundation for the Indian film industry. While his films were primarily mythological and not overtly political,
While mythological and historical dramas dominated early Indian silent cinema, another, often less discussed, strand of filmmaking emerged: socially relevant films. These films, though still nascent and often subtle in their approach, engaged with pressing social issues prevalent in early 20th-century India, such as caste discrimination, women's rights, and poverty. While not overtly political or
Subramania Bharati (1882-1921) was a towering figure in Tamil literature, widely revered as a Mahakavi ('Great Poet') and a fervent Indian nationalist. His prolific output of poetry and songs was deeply imbued with patriotic fervor, social reformist ideals, and a revolutionary spirit that directly challenged British colonial rule and traditional social hierarchies. Bharati's works became
[Nil Darpan, often translated as The Indigo Mirror] is a Bengali play written by Dinabandhu Mitra in 1858-1859. Published in 1860, the play is a searing indictment of the British indigo planters in Bengal and their brutal exploitation of Indian indigo farmers (ryots). Nil Darpan is considered a landmark work in Bengali drama and a
[Bharatmata] is a painting by the Indian painter Abanindranath Tagore in 1905. Considered an iconic image of Indian nationalism, it depicts a saffron-clad woman, reminiscent of a sadhvi, holding items symbolic of India's national aspirations. The painting is one of the earliest and most influential visual representations of Bharatmata (Mother India), and a landmark work
The Tashkent Agreement was a peace treaty signed on January 10, 1966, between India and Pakistan to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Mediated by the Soviet Union in Tashkent (then part of the USSR), the agreement aimed to restore the pre-war status quo. However, it became highly controversial in India, particularly due to the
Introduction The Janata Party was formed in 1977 as a coalition of various opposition parties in India to contest the general elections held after the lifting of the Emergency (1975-1977). Its stunning victory marked the end of Congress party dominance that had characterized Indian politics since independence, and led to the formation of India’s first
Introduction The political integration of Princely States was a complex and often turbulent process that occurred during and immediately after the Partition of India in 1947. These Princely States, nominally independent entities under British paramountcy, comprised a significant portion of the Indian subcontinent. Their integration into the newly formed Dominions of India and Pakistan was
The Emergency in India was a 21-month period from June 25, 1975, to March 21, 1977, when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352 of the Constitution of India, the Emergency was ostensibly declared due to prevailing "internal disturbance."
The Mature Harappan Phase (c. 2600 - 1900 BCE) marks the zenith of the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the civilization reached its most sophisticated and widespread form, characterized by remarkable uniformity and advanced urban features across its geographical expanse.
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