The founding of the Indian National Congress (INC) in late 1885 created the first countrywide political platform for Indians to voice demands, shape public opinion, and pursue constitutional reform under colonial rule, becoming the nucleus of India’s nationalist movement in the decades that followed.
The establishment of the British Raj in 1858 formalized the transfer of power from the British East India Company to the British Crown, inaugurating direct imperial rule over India after the suppression of the 1857 rebellion. The shift was enacted by the Government of India Act, 1858—styled “An Act for the Better Government of India”—and
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a widespread, violent uprising against the rule of the British East India Company, beginning with a sepoy mutiny at Meerut on 10 May 1857 and spreading across North and Central India to major centers like Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and Gwalior. Although ultimately suppressed by mid‑1858, it ended Company
The annexation of Punjab in 1849 marked the definitive end of the Sikh Empire and its absorption into the British East India Company’s dominions following the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849). Proclaimed after the decisive British victory at the Battle of Gujrat and the collapse of Sikh resistance, the act formalized Company rule, pensioned the child
Tipu Sultan was killed on 4 May 1799 during the storming of Seringapatam (Srirangapatna), the climactic action of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, when British-led forces breached the fortress walls and overran the city under General George Harris and assault commander Major General David Baird. His death ended Mysore’s independent resistance, after which the British partitioned
The Battle of Buxar, fought on 22–23 October 1764 near Buxar on the Ganges in western Bihar, decisively pitted the British East India Company’s army under Major (Sir) Hector Munro against a triple alliance of Mir Qasim (ex-Nawab of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daula (Nawab of Awadh), and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, and ended in a
The Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire’s northern expeditionary army and a coalition led by Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali), the Afghan ruler, supported by Rohilla Afghans and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh. Fought near Panipat, about 97km north of Delhi, it is widely regarded as one of
The Battle of Plassey, fought on 23 June 1757 near Palashi (Plassey) on the Bhagirathi River in Bengal, was a decisive confrontation between the forces of the British East India Company led by Robert Clive and the army of the Bengal Nawab, Siraj-ud-Daulah, that transformed the Company from a trading corporation into a territorial power
Introduction In 1739, Nadir Shah of Persia invaded northern India, destroyed the Mughal army at Karnal, entered Delhi as master, and unleashed one of the most brutal sackings in the city’s history, carrying off the Peacock Throne, the Koh-i-Noor and Darya-i-Noor diamonds, and an immense treasure that crippled the already-declining Mughal state. The invasion exposed
Aurangzeb Alamgir, the sixth Mughal emperor, died on 3 March 1707 at the age of 88 in Ahmednagar (in present-day Maharashtra), bringing to an end a tumultuous 49-year reign. His passing marked not just the departure of one of India's most formidable rulers, but also a defining moment of transition from the Mughal Empire’s peak to its
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