Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948 at Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti) in New Delhi, when Nathuram Vinayak Godse fired three shots at point-blank range as Gandhi walked to his evening prayer meeting; he was 78 years old at the time. The killing occurred a little after 5 p.m. in the prayer-ground garden
India achieved independence from British rule in August 1947 through the Indian Independence Act, 1947, which created two dominions—India and Pakistan—implementing the 3 June (Mountbatten) Plan and ending the British Raj at midnight of 14–15 August 1947. The settlement simultaneously partitioned provinces, divided institutions and assets, and unleashed one of history’s largest and most violent
The Cabinet Mission arrived in India on 24 March 1946 to negotiate the transfer of power and propose a constitutional framework that would keep India united while addressing Congress–League differences, led by Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander, with Viceroy Wavell participating in talks. Its core proposal, announced on 16 May 1946, outlined
The Quit India Movement was launched on 8 August 1942 at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee, when Mahatma Gandhi gave the stirring call of “Do or Die” at Gowalia Tank Maidan (now August Kranti Maidan), demanding an immediate, orderly British withdrawal from India during World War II. Triggered by the failure
The Salt Satyagraha—popularly known as the Dandi March—was Mahatma Gandhi’s 24‑day, 240–387km nonviolent march from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi in Gujarat from 12 March to 6 April 1930, launched to defy the British salt monopoly and inaugurate the Civil Disobedience Movement nationwide. At 8:30 a.m. on 6 April 1930, Gandhi picked
The Non-Cooperation Movement was India’s first nationwide mass agitation led by Mahatma Gandhi to resist British rule through nonviolent non-cooperation, launched in 1920 and withdrawn in February 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident. It aligned the INC’s program with the Khilafat cause, turned Congress into a mass organization, and brought students, peasants, workers, women, and
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, occurred on 13 April 1919, when troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer opened fire without warning on a large, unarmed crowd gathered inside Jallianwala Bagh, an enclosed garden near the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab. The firing lasted around 10–15 minutes, expending roughly 1,650
Mahatma Gandhi permanently returned to India on 9 January 1915, landing at Apollo Bunder in Bombay (now Mumbai), after over two decades in South Africa where he had developed satyagraha, the method of nonviolent resistance that would later transform India’s freedom struggle. The date is commemorated annually as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, recognizing the Indian diaspora’s
The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was founded on 30 December 1906 at Dacca (now Dhaka) to politically represent Muslim interests in British India and emerged from deliberations at the Muhammadan Educational Conference held there that winter. Its creation reflected rising Muslim political consciousness amid the Swadeshi agitation after the 1905 Partition of Bengal and parallel
The Partition of Bengal, announced by Viceroy Lord Curzon and brought into effect on 16 October 1905, divided the vast Bengal Presidency into two parts—Western Bengal (largely Hindu-majority) and the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam (largely Muslim-majority)—triggering the Swadeshi and Boycott movements and reshaping India’s nationalist politics until the partition’s annulment in 1911.
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