Ashoka the Great: From Warrior King to Buddhist Emperor

Ashoka Maurya (r. 268 – 232 BCE), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty who ruled almost the entire Indian subcontinent. Initially known for his military prowess and ruthless expansionist policies, Ashoka underwent a profound transformation after witnessing the devastation of the Kalinga War. This pivotal event led him to embrace Buddhism and dedicate his life and reign to Dhamma (righteousness), non-violence, and the welfare of his people. Ashoka’s reign is considered a golden chapter in Indian history, remembered for its emphasis on social justice, religious tolerance, and the spread of Buddhist philosophy.

Early Reign and the Kalinga War:

Ashoka was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. He ascended the throne after the death of his father, Bindusara, in a succession struggle. Early in his reign, Ashoka continued the expansionist policies of his predecessors. The Kalinga War (c. 261 BCE), a campaign to conquer the independent kingdom of Kalinga (modern-day Odisha), proved to be a turning point. The war was brutally fought, resulting in immense bloodshed, death, and displacement.

Conversion to Buddhism:

The scale of suffering in the Kalinga War deeply affected Ashoka. In his own Edict XIII, he expresses remorse and grief over the war’s devastation. This experience led him to embrace Buddhism, adopting its principles of non-violence (ahimsa), compassion, and peace. Ashoka’s conversion was not merely personal; he actively promoted Buddhism as a state policy, believing it to be a path to social harmony and ethical governance. He sought guidance from Buddhist monks and began to govern according to Buddhist principles.

Ashoka’s Edicts and Pillars:

Ashoka is renowned for his Edicts, inscriptions engraved on pillars, rocks, and cave walls throughout his empire. These edicts are primary sources for understanding Ashoka’s reign and his philosophy of Dhamma. Written in Prakrit language and Brahmi script (among others), the edicts addressed a wide range of topics:

• Dhamma (Righteousness): The core message was the promotion of Dhamma, which encompassed moral and ethical conduct, including truthfulness, compassion, non-violence, respect for elders, and religious tolerance.
• Social Welfare: Ashoka emphasized the welfare of his people, animals, and even plants. He established hospitals for humans and animals, built roads, wells, and rest houses, and promoted tree plantation.
• Religious Tolerance: Ashoka advocated for tolerance and respect towards all religious sects and traditions, including Brahmanism, Jainism, and others, although he personally favored Buddhism.
• Administration and Justice: The edicts reveal administrative reforms focused on efficiency, fairness, and justice. Ashoka appointed officials (Dhamma Mahamattas) to propagate Dhamma and oversee welfare activities.

The Ashoka Pillars, often topped with animal capitals (most famously the Lion Capital of Sarnath, now the National Emblem of India), are iconic symbols of his reign and his commitment to Dhamma.

Spread of Buddhism:

Ashoka actively worked to spread Buddhism both within and beyond his empire.

• Missionary Activities: He sent Buddhist missionaries to various parts of India and to neighboring countries like Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and the Mediterranean region. His own son, Mahendra, and daughter, Sanghamitra, are believed to have led Buddhist missions to Sri Lanka.
• Patronage of Buddhist Institutions: Ashoka supported Buddhist monasteries (viharas) and stupas. He is credited with commissioning the construction of numerous stupas, including the Great Stupa at Sanchi.
• Third Buddhist Council: According to Buddhist tradition, Ashoka convened the Third Buddhist Council at Pataliputra to standardize Buddhist scriptures and address sectarian differences.

Administration and Welfare:

Ashoka’s administration was focused on efficient governance and the welfare of his subjects. His edicts highlight his concern for justice, public infrastructure, and social harmony. He emphasized paternalistic governance, considering himself a father figure to his people. His welfare measures extended to all living beings, reflecting Buddhist principles of compassion.

Legacy and Significance:

Ashoka’s legacy is immense and multifaceted.

• Promotion of Buddhism: He played a crucial role in transforming Buddhism from a regional sect to a major world religion. His efforts contributed significantly to its spread across Asia.
• Concept of Dhamma: Ashoka’s emphasis on Dhamma provided a moral and ethical framework for governance and social life, emphasizing non-violence, tolerance, and compassion.
• Unification of India: Ashoka ruled over a vast and largely unified empire, contributing to a sense of political unity in the Indian subcontinent.
• Historical Importance: Ashoka is revered as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history and world history. His reign is studied as an example of enlightened monarchy and ethical leadership. His edicts continue to inspire with their message of peace and tolerance.

Ashoka’s story remains a powerful example of personal transformation and the potential for political power to be used for the promotion of ethical values and social welfare.