The Tashkent Agreement was a peace treaty signed on January 10, 1966, between India and Pakistan to resolve the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Mediated by the Soviet Union in Tashkent (then part of the USSR), the agreement aimed to restore the pre-war status quo. However, it became highly controversial in India, particularly due to the
Introduction The Janata Party was formed in 1977 as a coalition of various opposition parties in India to contest the general elections held after the lifting of the Emergency (1975-1977). Its stunning victory marked the end of Congress party dominance that had characterized Indian politics since independence, and led to the formation of India’s first
Introduction The political integration of Princely States was a complex and often turbulent process that occurred during and immediately after the Partition of India in 1947. These Princely States, nominally independent entities under British paramountcy, comprised a significant portion of the Indian subcontinent. Their integration into the newly formed Dominions of India and Pakistan was
The Mature Harappan Phase (c. 2600 - 1900 BCE) marks the zenith of the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the civilization reached its most sophisticated and widespread form, characterized by remarkable uniformity and advanced urban features across its geographical expanse.
Akbar (r. 1556 – 1605 CE), also known as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal Emperor and is widely regarded as one of the most significant rulers in Indian history. His reign marks a high point in the Mughal Empire, characterized by territorial expansion, administrative reforms, religious tolerance, and a vibrant cultural synthesis.
Razia Sultan (r. 1236 – 1240 CE) was the only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, a medieval Indo-Islamic kingdom that spanned a large part of the Indian subcontinent. Her reign, though brief, is a remarkable chapter in Indian history. Razia defied societal norms and gender expectations of her time to assume and exercise royal
The Chola Dynasty (c. 9th century – 13th century CE) was a Tamil dynasty of South India, renowned for its long reign, maritime power, efficient administration, and magnificent temple architecture. Emerging in the fertile Kaveri River valley, the Cholas rose to become a dominant force in South India and exerted significant influence across Southeast Asia
The Gupta Empire (c. 320 – 550 CE) is often referred to as the "Golden Age of India" in historical narratives. This period witnessed a remarkable flourishing of science, mathematics, astronomy, art, literature, and culture, alongside relative peace and prosperity across much of the Indian subcontinent.
Ashoka Maurya (r. 268 – 232 BCE), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty who ruled almost the entire Indian subcontinent. Initially known for his military prowess and ruthless expansionist policies, Ashoka underwent a profound transformation after witnessing the devastation of the Kalinga War.
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, stands as one of the world's earliest urban societies, flourishing in the Indus River valley and surrounding regions of present-day Pakistan and Northwest India during the Bronze Age (c. 3300 – 1700 BCE).
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