Mature Harappan Phase Begins (c. 2600 BCE)

The Mature Harappan Phase (c. 2600 – 1900 BCE) marks the zenith of the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the civilization reached its most sophisticated and widespread form, characterized by remarkable uniformity and advanced urban features across its geographical expanse.

Key Aspects of the Mature Harappan Phase:

Urban Expansion and Uniformity:

Standardized Urban Planning: Consistent application of grid layouts, drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes in cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Kalibangan.
Expansion of Settlements: Growth in the number and size of settlements, indicating population increase and wider reach of the civilization.
Cultural Homogeneity: Remarkable cultural uniformity across the vast region, evident in pottery styles, seals, weights, and measures.
Intensification of Trade and Economy:

Flourishing Trade Networks: Expansion and intensification of both internal trade within the Indus region and external trade with Mesopotamia, Central Asia, and other regions.
Craft Specialization: Developed craft specialization in various urban centers, focusing on pottery, bead making, metallurgy, and seal carving.
Agricultural Surplus: Efficient agricultural practices likely supported a growing urban population and trade.
Advanced Technology and Infrastructure:

Sophisticated Water Management: Continued development and refinement of drainage and sanitation systems, including wells, reservoirs, and canals for water management.
Technological Skills: Mastery in brick making, metallurgy (bronze, copper, lead, tin), and lapidary work.
Social Complexity and Organization:

Centralized Authority: Implied centralized authority capable of planning and executing large-scale urban projects and maintaining uniformity across the region.
Social Stratification: Evidence suggests social stratification based on housing and artifact distribution, although the exact nature of social hierarchy is debated.
Peaceful Nature: Relatively less evidence of warfare compared to contemporary civilizations, suggesting a largely peaceful and trade-oriented society (though defenses existed).:

Legacy

The Mature Harappan Phase represents the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization, showcasing its unique urban achievements and cultural sophistication before its eventual decline in the late 2nd millennium BCE.