The Establishment of the British Raj refers to the transfer of political and administrative power from the British East India Company to the British Crown in 1858. This monumental shift was a direct consequence of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny), which exposed the deep flaws and corruption in the Company's rule. The transition was formalized by the Government of India Act 1858, passed by the British Parliament on August 2, 1858. It abolished the Company, created the office of the Secretary of State for India in London, and replaced the Governor-General with the Viceroy. The new era was inaugurated by Queen Victoria's Proclamation, read out by Lord Canning at a grand Durbar in Allahabad on November 1, 1858, promising religious tolerance and respect for Indian princes.| Feature | Details |
| Date of Act | August 2, 1858 (Govt of India Act) |
| Proclamation Date | November 1, 1858 (Allahabad Durbar) |
| First Viceroy | Lord Canning |
| Key Change | Abolition of East India Company |
| New Office | Secretary of State for India (in London) |
| Trigger Event | Revolt of 1857 |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Term “Raj” | Means “Rule” in Hindi/Sanskrit |
The Trigger: The Crisis of 1857
For exactly 100 years, from the Battle of Plassey (1757) to 1857, the East India Company had looted and ruled India as a corporate entity. Their main goal was profit, not governance. This rapacious greed led to the Revolt of 1857, a massive uprising of sepoys, peasants, and princes that nearly drove the British into the sea. Although the British brutally suppressed the revolt, it shocked London. The British Parliament realized that a trading company could no longer be trusted with the lives of 200 million people.
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The “Act for the Better Government of India”
On August 2, 1858, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858. It was euphemistically titled an “Act for the Better Government of India.”
- End of Dual Government: The Board of Control and Court of Directors of the Company were abolished.
- Secretary of State: A new cabinet minister position, the Secretary of State for India, was created in London. He was assisted by a 15-member Council of India.
- Viceroy: The title of Governor-General was changed to Viceroy (Representative of the Crown) when dealing with Indian Princes. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy.
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The Magna Carta of India: Queen’s Proclamation
On November 1, 1858, a grand Durbar was held in Allahabad. Lord Canning read out a proclamation in the name of Queen Victoria. It was carefully drafted to soothe Indian anger.
- No More Annexation: The British promised not to seize any more Indian states. The feared “Doctrine of Lapse” was abandoned.
- Religious Tolerance: The Queen declared, “We disclaim alike the right and the desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects.” This was a direct response to fears that the British were trying to convert India to Christianity.
- Equal Treatment: It promised that Indians would be admitted to offices in the government “freely and impartially,” irrespective of race or creed—a promise that remained largely on paper.
The Army Reorganization
The British had learned a hard lesson in 1857: never trust the Indian sepoy completely. The Peel Commission was set up to reorganize the army.
- Divide and Rule: Regiments were organized on caste and community lines (Sikhs, Pathans, Gurkhas) to prevent unity.
- European Balance: The ratio of European to Indian soldiers was increased to 1:2 in Bengal and 1:3 in Bombay/Madras.
- Artillery: The crucial artillery units were kept strictly in British hands.
The Economic Impact
While the political face changed, the economic heart remained the same. Under the Crown, the exploitation became more systematic. India was turned into a supplier of raw materials (cotton, indigo, jute) and a market for British manufactured goods. The “Drain of Wealth” continued, but now it was justified under the guise of “good governance” and railways.
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Quick Comparison Table: Company Rule vs. Crown Rule
| Feature | Company Rule (1757–1858) | Crown Rule (1858–1947) |
| Supreme Authority | Court of Directors (Company) | British Parliament & Crown |
| Executive Head | Governor-General | Viceroy & Governor-General |
| Policy | Expansion & Annexation | Consolidation & “Divide and Rule” |
| Army | Private Company Army | British Indian Army (Royal) |
| Religious Stance | Often interfered (Missionaries) | Officially Non-Interventionist |
| Goal | Profit (Dividends) | Imperial Power & Markets |
Curious Indian: Fast Facts
- The “White Mutiny”: When the Company’s European soldiers were transferred to the Crown in 1859, they mutinied because they demanded a fresh bounty (bonus) for the transfer. The “White Mutiny” was quietly suppressed by Lord Canning.
- The Empress Title: Queen Victoria did not take the title “Empress of India” (Kaiser-i-Hind) in 1858. That happened later, in 1876, under Prime Minister Disraeli.
- The Shortest Act: The transfer of power was technically one of the largest real estate transfers in history, yet the Act itself was relatively short, containing only 75 clauses.
- Allahabad Capital: For a single day—November 1, 1858—Allahabad served as the capital of India while the proclamation was read.
Conclusion
The Establishment of the British Raj 1858 was a masterstroke of imperial branding. By replacing the hated Company with the distant and “benevolent” Queen, the British bought themselves another 90 years of rule. However, the promise of “equal treatment” in the 1858 Proclamation became the stick with which early nationalists like Dadabhai Naoroji would eventually beat the British, demanding that they live up to their own words.
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If you think you have remembered everything about this topic take this QUIZ
Results
#1. Who became the first Viceroy of India following the Government of India Act 1858?
#2. Where was the grand Durbar held on November 1, 1858, to read Queen Victoria’s Proclamation?
#3. The Government of India Act 1858 created which new cabinet minister position in London?
#4. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation explicitly abandoned which controversial annexation policy?
#5. Which commission was set up to reorganize the army after the 1857 revolt, focusing on “Divide and Rule”?
#6. Which crucial military unit was kept strictly in British hands after the army reorganization?
#7. Which city served as the capital of India for a single day on November 1, 1858?
#8. The “White Mutiny” in 1859 involved a revolt by which group of people?
What ended the rule of the East India Company?
The Government of India Act 1858, passed after the Revolt of 1857, formally ended the rule of the East India Company.
Who was the first Viceroy of India?
Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.
Where was Queen Victoria’s Proclamation read?
It was read by Lord Canning at a grand Durbar in Allahabad on November 1, 1858.
What was the main promise regarding religion in 1858?
The Proclamation promised strict religious neutrality and non-interference in the social and religious customs of Indians.
What new post was created in London to govern India?
The post of Secretary of State for India, a British cabinet minister, was created to oversee Indian administration.
