The Annexation of Punjab on March 29, 1849, marked the end of the Sikh Empire and the completion of British territorial expansion in India. Following the death of the legendary Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Punjab region descended into chaos and factionalism. The British East India Company took advantage of this instability, leading to the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and the decisive Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49). Under the aggressive Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, the British defeated the Sikh forces at the Battle of Gujrat. The aftermath was brutal: the child Maharaja Duleep Singh was forced to sign the Treaty of Lahore, surrendering his kingdom and the Koh-i-Noor diamond to Queen Victoria, ending sovereign Sikh rule forever.| Feature | Details |
| Date of Annexation | March 29, 1849 |
| Governor-General | Lord Dalhousie |
| Last Maharaja | Duleep Singh (Age 10) |
| Key Conflict | Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) |
| Decisive Battle | Battle of Gujrat (“Battle of Guns”) |
| Treaty Signed | Treaty of Lahore (1849) |
| Major Loss | Koh-i-Noor Diamond surrendered to the Queen |
| Key Administrator | The Lawrence Brothers (Henry & John) |
The Vacuum After the Lion
For decades, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the “Lion of Punjab,” had kept the British at bay. His empire was a formidable military power with a modernized army (Khalsa) trained by European generals. However, his death in 1839 unleashed a decade of bloodshed. A series of assassinations and weak rulers left the throne to a 5-year-old boy, Duleep Singh, with his mother Rani Jindan as Regent.
The British viewed this chaos not with concern, but with opportunity. They reinforced their border posts, provoking the Sikh army into the disastrous First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46), which ended with a humiliating partial surrender.
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The Second Anglo-Sikh War: The Final Stand
The peace was fragile. The Sikh soldiers felt betrayed by their commanders and were eager for revenge. The spark came in April 1848 in Multan, where the governor, Dewan Mulraj, revolted against British officers. This localized rebellion quickly spread into a national uprising known as the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
It was a fierce conflict. At the Battle of Chillianwala (January 1849), the Sikhs fought with such ferocity that the British suffered one of their worst defeats in India, shocking London. However, the British regrouped. At the Battle of Gujrat (February 1849), known as the “Battle of Guns,” the British artillery finally overwhelmed the Sikh forces. The Sikh army surrendered, famously saying, “Today, Ranjit Singh is truly dead.”
Dalhousie’s Masterstroke
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General, was determined not just to defeat the Sikhs but to erase their state. He rejected the advice of retaining Duleep Singh as a puppet ruler. On March 29, 1849, a Durbar was held in the Lahore Fort. The 10-year-old Duleep Singh sat on his father’s throne for the last time. He was forced to sign a document that annexed his kingdom to the British Empire.
As the British flag was hoisted over the Lahore Fort, the Sikh soldiers threw down their swords and wept.
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The Tragedy of Duleep Singh and Koh-i-Noor
The annexation was personal for the young Maharaja. Duleep Singh was separated from his mother, Rani Jindan, who was imprisoned and later exiled. He was taken under the guardianship of a British couple, converted to Christianity, and sent to England to live as a country gentleman—a “trophy” of the Empire.
The most painful clause of the annexation treaty concerned the Koh-i-Noor diamond. It stated: “The gem called the Koh-i-Noor, which was taken from Shah Shooja-ool-Moolk by Maharajah Runjeet Singh, shall be surrendered by the Maharajah of Lahore to the Queen of England.” It was not a gift; it was a spoil of war.
The Lawrence Administration
To govern the rebellious province, Dalhousie appointed a Board of Administration led by the Lawrence Brothers—Henry and John. They adopted a policy of “pacification.” They disarmed the population, dismantled the old forts, and rewarded the peasantry with land reforms to ensure they wouldn’t support another rebellion. This policy was so successful that just eight years later, during the 1857 Revolt, the Punjab remained loyal to the British and actually helped recapture Delhi.
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Quick Comparison Table: 1st vs. 2nd Anglo-Sikh War
| Feature | First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) | Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49) |
| Cause | Sikh Army crossing Sutlej River | Revolt of Mulraj in Multan |
| Outcome | Partial Defeat (Treaty of Lahore 1846) | Total Annihilation (Annexation) |
| Territory Lost | Jalandhar Doab & Kashmir | Entire Punjab |
| Sovereignty | Duleep Singh remained Ruler | Duleep Singh Deposed |
| Key Battle | Battle of Sobraon | Battle of Gujrat |
Curious Indian: Fast Facts
- The Sale of Kashmir: To pay the war indemnity after the First Anglo-Sikh War, the British sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh Dogra for 75 Lakh Rupees, a transaction that haunts the region to this day.
- Rani Jindan’s Escape: The fierce Queen Mother, Rani Jindan, famously escaped from British imprisonment at Chunar Fort dressed as a beggar woman and fled to Nepal.
- Duleep Singh’s Regret: In his later years, Duleep Singh realized what he had lost. He reconverted to Sikhism and tried to return to India but was stopped by the British in Aden. He died a broken man in a Paris hotel.
- The “Battle of Guns”: The Battle of Gujrat was almost entirely an artillery duel. The British fired so many rounds that the Sikhs couldn’t even get close enough to use their swords.
Conclusion
The Annexation of Punjab 1849 was the final act of British conquest. It removed the last major barrier to their rule over the subcontinent. But in doing so, it also laid the groundwork for the modern Indian Army, which would recruit heavily from the “martial races” of the Punjab. Today, the loss of the Koh-i-Noor remains a symbol of colonial loot, but the spirit of Punjab, which survived annexation and partition, remains unbroken.
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If you think you have remembered everything about this topic take this QUIZ
Results
#1. The Annexation of Punjab on March 29, 1849, marked the end of which empire?
#2. Who was the Governor-General of India responsible for the annexation of Punjab?
#3. Which decisive battle of the Second Anglo-Sikh War is known as the “Battle of Guns”?
#4. Who was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, forced to step down at the age of 10?
#5. Under the Treaty of Lahore (1849), which famous diamond was surrendered to Queen Victoria?
#6. The rebellion that sparked the Second Anglo-Sikh War was started by Dewan Mulraj in which city?
#7. Which brothers were appointed to lead the Board of Administration to govern Punjab after annexation?
#8. After being imprisoned, the Queen Mother Rani Jindan famously escaped to which country disguised as a beggar?
When was Punjab annexed by the British?
Punjab was formally annexed on March 29, 1849.
Who was the Governor-General responsible for the annexation?
Lord Dalhousie ordered the annexation of Punjab.
Who was the last Maharaja of the Sikh Empire?
Maharaja Duleep Singh, the youngest son of Ranjit Singh, was the last ruler.
Which battle decided the fate of Punjab?
The Battle of Gujrat (1849), where the British decisively defeated the Sikh army, was the turning point.
What happened to the Koh-i-Noor diamond after annexation?
It was confiscated from Duleep Singh and presented to Queen Victoria as part of the Treaty of Lahore (1849).
