India in the 21st century has emerged as one of the world’s fastest-growing large economies, a pivotal geopolitical actor, and a hub for digital public infrastructure, while navigating complex challenges in jobs, urbanization, climate resilience, public health, and federal governance. The period has seen major structural reforms, rapid expansion of physical and digital connectivity, rising
COVID-19 reached India in early 2020, with the first confirmed case reported in Kerala on 30 January 2020, linked to travel from Wuhan, China. As the outbreak escalated globally, India undertook one of the world’s strictest nationwide lockdowns beginning 25 March 2020, followed by a phased reopening (“Unlock”) from June. India experienced multiple waves, notably
On 5 August 2019, the Government of India revoked Jammu & Kashmir’s special status under Article 370 and initiated the state’s reorganisation, fundamentally altering its constitutional relationship with the Union. Parliament approved a resolution rendering Article 370 inoperative and passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill to bifurcate the erstwhile state into two Union Territories—Jammu
On 8 November 2016 at 8:15 PM IST, the Government of India announced that existing ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series would cease to be legal tender from midnight, and that new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes would be issued. The stated objectives were to curb black money, counterfeit currency, corruption, and terror
Narendra Modi became the 14th Prime Minister of India in May 2014 after his party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), won a historic majority in the 16th Lok Sabha elections—the first single-party majority at the Union level in 30 years. He was sworn in on 26 May 2014 at Rashtrapati Bhavan, heading the National Democratic
The 2008 Mumbai terror attacks were a series of coordinated shootings and bombings carried out by 10 Lashkar-e-Taiba operatives across multiple locations in Mumbai from the evening of 26 November to 29 November 2008, leaving 166 people dead and over 300 injured; one attacker, Ajmal Amir Kasab, was captured alive, tried, and executed in 2012
On 26 December 2004, a megathrust earthquake of magnitude 9.1–9.3 struck off northern Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering the deadliest tsunami in recorded history across the Indian Ocean rim. Over the next 7 hours, tsunami waves up to 20–30 m at some landfalls devastated coastlines from Aceh to East Africa, killing an estimated 227,000–230,000 people across 14–15
The Kargil War was a limited, high-altitude conflict between India and Pakistan fought from May to July 1999 along the Line of Control (LoC) in the Kargil–Drass–Batalik sector of Jammu & Kashmir. It began when Pakistani soldiers and irregulars infiltrated across the LoC to occupy winter-vacated Indian positions on dominating ridgelines; India launched Operation Vijay
Pokhran-II refers to India’s series of five underground nuclear tests conducted at the Indian Army’s Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan on 11 and 13 May 1998, demonstrating a thermonuclear design and multiple fission devices and declaring India a nuclear-weapon state in practice outside the NPT framework. The test series, code-named Operation Shakti, followed the 1974
The Babri Masjid in Ayodhya was demolished on 6 December 1992 by a large crowd of kar sevaks mobilised by organisations associated with the Ram Janmabhoomi movement, after a political rally near the disputed site turned violent and overwhelmed security arrangements. The demolition triggered nationwide communal riots—most devastatingly in Mumbai in December 1992–January 1993—and drew
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